Term

PL

Description

Source

acceptance approach

podejście akceptujące

Based
on the hypothesis that although stutterers may not have a choice as to
whether or not they stutter, they do have a choice as to how they stutter.
Accordingly, stuttering can be fully accepted, since it is possible to
stutter in a variety of ways, including fluent stuttering.

accessory behaviors
(secondary behaviors or symptoms)

zachowania
dodatkowe, współzachwania (zachowania lub symptomy
wtórne)

The abnormal actions and
behaviors exhibited by the stutterer in attempting to avoid and/or escape
from the core behaviors of stuttering. Avoidance behaviors include such
things as pausing, postponing, using gestural timing devices or verbal
starters, and trying to disguise the stuttering. Escape behaviors used to
interrupt the stuttering and gain release from moments of stuttering include
movements such as eye blinks, arm swinging, grim aces, head and jaw jerks,
finger snapping, throat clearing and hand/finger tapping, etc.

BN

acquired
stuttering

jąkanie nabyte

Acquired
stuttering is a general term referring to a type of fluency impairment that
arises secondary to a specific causal event such as stroke, head trauma,
neurodegenerative disease, introduction of a pharmacological agent, or
significant psycho-emotional stress. Behavioral symptoms are similar to those
of developmental stuttering; however, individual disfluency profiles vary
widely and may include behaviors not typically observed in developmental
stuttering, for example, stuttering while singing.

ECN

adaptation
effect

efekt adaptacyjny

A
temporary reduction in the frequency
and/or severity of stuttering behaviors resulting from repeated oral readings
of the same or highly similar verbal material.

BN

adjacency
effect

efekt bliskości (sąsiedztwa)

During
repeated oral readings of the same material, when the previously stuttered
words have been omitted from the passage, there is a tendency for stuttering
to occur on words that are adjacent to where stuttering previously occurred
during the earlier readings.

BN

advertising

zapowiedź

Clinical
programs that emphasize helping the stutterer learn to cope with stuttering
and become desensitized to stuttering ask the client to advertise his
stuttering by doing a lot of voluntary stuttering in public.

FR

anticipatory
behaviors

zachowania antycypowane

Those
behaviors in which the stutterer engages in an attempt to avoid, disguise or
otherwise prevent stuttering anticipatory emotions. Those anticipatory
feelings, emotions or attitudinal reactions that result from the stutterer’s
dread of feared sounds, words, situations or interpersonal relationships.

FR

anticipatory
emotions

emocje antycypowane

Those
anticipatory feelings, emotions or attitudinal
reactions that result from the stutterer’s dread of feared sounds, words,
situations or interpersonal relationships.

FR

anticipatory
struggle

wysiłek antycypowany

The
anticipatory-struggle hypothesis, which permits a wide array of etiological possibilities,
suggests that stuttering involves both the prior anticipation and expectation
that speech is a difficult task to perform, as well as the tensions,
fragmentations and struggle (effort) associated with attempts to gain release
from the moment of stuttering itself.

FR

approach-avoidance
conflict

konflikt wewnętrzny

This
term describes the conflict which the stutterer experiences as he approaches
a feared word or situation. His desire for avoidance of verbal difficulty
struggles for mastery against his desire for speaking, and the conflict may
be expressed overtly in stuttering behaviors that interfere with speaking.
The stutterer is caught in a conflict where he wants to talk and communicate
but wants to avoid stuttering: at the same time, he wants to not stutter, but
not abandon communication.

FR

ASHA

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
(Amerykańskie Stowarzyszenie Słuchu i Mowy)

avoidance
behaviors

zachowania unikowe

Avoidance
behaviors are classified as a secondary behavior of stuttering. They are behaviors used to avoid the moment
of stuttering; including circumlocution, interjections, the use of starter
phrases, etc.

2x

block

blok

A
block is when there is a cessation of airflow or voicing, often paired with
stopped movement of the articulators. Examples include: Block with Posturing:
A cessation of airflow observed with open mouth postured in the position for
the initial sound of the word.

2x

cancellation

anulowanie, poprawka,
modyfikacja po bloku

dokończenie słowa oraz
powtórzenie go po raz drugi, z łagodnym przejściem

circumlocution

omówienie, peryfraza

Circumlocution
is a secondary behavior of stuttering.
It involves a person knowing what word they would like to say, but
describing the word instead of saying the target word in order to avoid a
moment of stuttering.

2x

continuous
phonation

fonacja ciągła

core
behavior

zachowania podstawowe

The
core behaviors of stuttering, which are the types of dysfluencies a person
who stutters cannot control, including repetitions, prolongations and blocks.

2x

covert
behaviors

zachowania skrywane

covert
features

cechy skrywane

Unlike
the overt behaviors of stuttering which can be seen and/or heard and are
relatively easy to measure in terms of their frequency, intensity, duration,
and type, the covert behaviors are not openly shown and less easily
determined. They include such cognitive and emotional factors as fear,
anxiety, negative emotion, shame, guilt and frustration, etc. These
“concealed or
invisible” features are often difficult to determine. (See interiorized stuttering.)

FR

delayed
auditory feedback (DAF).

Opoźniona Słuchowa Informacja Zwrotna

When
speaking under conditions of delayed auditory feedback, we hear what we have
said a short time after we have said it. Most normally fluent speakers become
highly disfluent when
exposed to DAF and many stutterers experience decreased stuttering under DAF.
DAF can also be used clinically both to help establish fluency as well as
control/modify the stuttering.

FR

Demands
and Capacities Model (DMC)

Model Wymagań i Możliwości

Demands
and Capacities Model. This model states that stuttering is likely to occur
when demands for fluent and continuous speech exceed the child’s capacities
to perform at a level required by these demands. Factors that affect fluent
speech include (1) motoric coordination, (2) linguistic ability, (3) social
and emotional functioning, and (4) cognitive development. Clinically,
attempts are made to reduce demands placed upon the child and increase the
child’s capacities for dealing with them.

FR

desensitization

odczulanie

desensitization.
Desensitization generally takes place at two levels: emotionaland
behavioral. Emotionally, desensitization therapy attempts to help the client
feel increasingly relaxed and comfortable in situations that previously were
associated with fear, anxiety and other forms of negative emotion.
Behaviorally, desensitization attempts to help the client tolerate periods of
physical tension during moments of stuttering accompanied by tension and
struggle. To accomplish desensitization, stutterers are often exposed to a
hierarchy of increasingly stressful situations where they work to remain calm
and relaxed in activities such as voluntary stuttering, pseudo-stuttering or
faking.

FR

developmental
disfluencies/developmental hesitations

niepłynność rozwojowa /
zawahania rozwojowe

developmental
disfluencies/developmental hesitations. The develop – mental repetitions,
prolongations and stumblings in the speech of
children earning to talk. In the natural development of speech, while
learning to talk, most children’s speech is marked by effortless
developmental hesitations to some extent. Included in this category are word
and phrase repetitions and such accessory vocalizations as the Interjection
of “um” and “ah.” These “normal developmental” hesitations are
particularly common during times of linguistic stress, which is a part of
language learning, and situational stress under conditions of situational and
interpersonal difficulty.

FR

diagnosogenic
theory

teoria diagnozogenna

diagnosogenic
theory. The theory that “stuttering” as a clinical problem and as a definite
disorder, was found to occur not before being diagnosed but after being
diagnosed. According to this theory, the problem of stut
ter ing arises when a
listener, usually a parent, evaluates or classifies or diagnoses the child’s
developmental hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations as
stuttering, and reacts to them as a con se quence
with concern and disapproval. As the child senses this concern and
disapproval he reacts by speaking more hesitantly and with concern of his own,
and finally, with the tensions and struggle involved in efforts to keep from
hesitating or repeating.

FR

disflyency
(dysfluency)

niepłynność

dysfluency.
Used interchangeably by some clinicians and differentially by others. Some
feel that the prefix “dys-” should be used where
there is reasonable suspicion of “organicity” to warrant the more medical
terminology. The prefix “dis-” is used to denote mislearning and more
psycho-emotional components. Other clinicians opt for the term “nonfluency.” In any event, the terms refer to speech
which is not smooth or fluent. All speakers talk disfluently at times; i.e.,
they hesitate or stumble in varying degrees. All stutterers are disfluent,
but not all disfluency is stuttering. For instance, “disfluency” could
describe the developmental hesitations of a child learning to talk, or the disrhythmic breaks in the speech of an adult. Other
disfluencies are associated with neuropathology such as the speech
characteristics associated with apraxia, parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis, myesthenia gravis and others.

FR

distraction

rozproszenie

distraction.
The diversion of attention: filling the mind with thoughts of other things so
that the expectancy of stuttering is minimized. Keeping the anticipatory
emotions of stuttering from consciousness, thus temporarily affecting
release from fear of stuttering and the act of stuttering.

FR

dysphonia

dysfonia

dysphonia.
Impairment of the voice, manifested by hoarseness, breathiness or other
defects of phonation due to organic, functional or psychogenic causes.

FR

easy
onset (gentle onset)

łągodny początek (start)

easy
onset (gentle onset). Starting the voicing of a sound, syllable or word at a
slow, smooth rate. The duration of each syllable within a word is
stretched for up to two seconds. The easy onset is relaxed, and produced
without effort: also referred to as gentle onset.

FR

escape
behaviors

zachowania ucieczkowe

escape
behaviors. The behavioral reactions of a stutterer to release, interrupt or
otherwise escape from a moment of stuttering. Since escape behaviors allow
release from the unpleasant, aversive or noxious stimulus of stuttering, they
are negatively reinforced and tend to persist.

FR

extrovert

ekstrowertyk

extrovert.
A person whose attention and interests are largely directed toward what is
outside the self; one primarily interested in social or group activities and
practical affairs; contrasted with “introvert.”

FR

eye
aversion

odwracanie wzroku (brak
kontaktu wzrokowego)

The
speaker averts their eyes while speaking or while avoiding or escaping a
block.

2x

eye
contact

kontakt wzrokowy

eye
contact. Looking the listener in the eye while talking to him. Generally a
natural, although not a constant interaction, of the speaker’s eyes with the
listener’s eyes. Maintaining eye contact is considered a technique in
stuttering therapy recommended to help the stutterer combat feelings of shame,
embarrassment or inadequacy.

FR

fear

lęk, obawa

fear.
The apprehension of unpleasantness which arises when the stutterer
consciously perceives situations which lead him to anticipate difficulty talking.
This fear of difficulty may be and often is intense. It can and sometimes
does temporarily paralyze thought and action. Stuttering is usually
relatively proportionate to the amount of fear present. Stuttering fears may
be of persons, of sounds or words, or of situations such as talking in groups
or on the telephone, etc.

FR

feared
word/feared sound

słowa, dźwięki
(„lękowe” – wzbudzające lęk)

feared
word/feared sound. This term refers to a word or sound upon which the
stutterer anticipates difficulty. Stutterers frequently attempt to avoid
feared words and sounds by word substitutions, circumlocutions or
paraphrasing the utterance.

FR

feedback

sygnał zwrotny

feedback.
The process of modifying one’s own responses based on either internal or
external cues. Returning a portion of the output of a transmitted signal as
input for self regulation. The reinforcing effect
of the stutterer’s auditory or proprioceptive perceptions of his own speech.
(Also see corrective feedback and delayed auditory feedback.)

FR

filler

wypełniacz

Using
words to avoid or postpone the moment of stuttering. For example: “The, um,
uh, girl was playing outside.”

2x

fixation

fiksacja

fixation.
The maintenance of an articulatory or phonatory posture for an abnormal
duration; the temporary arresting of the speech muscles in a rigid position.
The airway is abnormally constricted, but not completely blocked. Fixations
typically result in the production of sounds which may be both audible and
vocalized (vvvvvine) or audible but not vocalized (fffffine.)

FR

fluency

płynność

fluency.
Fluent speech involves the ability to talk with normal levels of continuity,
rate, rhythm and effort. Fluency involves the smoothness with which units
of speech (sounds, syllables, words, phrases) flow together. Fluent speech
flows easily and is usually made without effort. Abnormally broken,
slow, or effortful speech is not fluent.

FR

fluency
disorder

zaburzenie płynności

fluency
shaping

kształtowanie płynności

fluency
shaping. Fluency shaping therapy is usually based on operant conditioning and
programming principles; e.g., breath stream management, successive
approximations, reinforcement of fluency targets such as fluency enhancing
behaviors, etc. Some form of fluency is first established in a controlled
stimulus situation. This fluency is reinforced and gradually modified to
approximate normal conversational speech in the clinical setting. This speech
is then transferred to the person’s daily speaking environment.

FR

frustration
tolerance

tolerancja frustracji

frustration
tolerance. The capacity of the stutterer to resist feelings of frustration
because of his inability to speak without difficulty; the ability to put up
with or endure the communication handicaps resulting from not being able to
talk freely.

FR

genetic

genetyczny

genetic.
Inherited, as determined through genes, but not necessarily congenitally
present at birth. Some persons believe that stuttering, or at least some
stuttering subtypes, may have an etiologic (causative) basis in genetically
inherited traits, tendencies or predispositions.

FR

gentle
voice onset

łagodny początek (mowy)

group
therapy

terpia grupowa

group
therapy. The counseling of and among stutterers in a group, including the use
of speech within such a social situation. The interchange of feelings, ideas
and discussions about stuttering problems in a group gives the stutterer
emotional release and helps him to develop better insights and understanding
through a knowledge of how others react to their problems.

FR

hand
movement

ruch głową

Hand
Movement. Movement of the hands while speaking or while avoiding or escaping
a block.

2x

hand
to face movement

ruch dłonią przy twarzy

Movement
of the hand to the face while speaking or when avoiding or escaping a block.

2x

hard
contact

twardy kontakt

hard
contact. The result of tightness or tension in the muscles of the tongue
and/or lips and/or jaw, etc., when the stutterer fears and attempts to say
plosive consonant sounds such as p, b, t, d, k, g.

FR

head
movement

ruch głową

Movement
of the head while speaking or when avoiding or escaping a block.

2x

in-block
correction

korekcja „podczas
bloku”, (wycofanie się)

in-block
correction. This refers to a process the stutterer goes through to correct
the production of a stuttered word while he is stuttering on it. See pull-out.

FR

incidence

zasięg, częstość

incidence.
The incidence of stuttering refers to how many people have stuttered at some
time in their lives. Although researchers have used different methodologies
to gather these data, and since they have used slightly different definitions
of stuttering, it is estimated that about 5% of the population have experienced
periods of stuttering lasting longer than six months. Estimates of incidence,
inclusive of children who may have evidenced periods of stuttering lasting
for only a short time period, are as high as 15%. (See prevalence.)

FR

inhibition

hamowanie

inhibition.
Restraint on one’s ability to act by either conscious or subconscious
processes: the partial checking or complete blocking of one impulse or mental
process by another nearly simultaneous impulse or mental process. The fear of
stuttering tends to inhibit the stutterer’s impulse or desire to speak.

FR

interjection

wtrącenie, przerywnik

Interjecting
a filler word to either delay the moment of stuttering or to make the
following word easier to produce. For example: •“I went to the….um….store
today.” •“She….uh….plays the guitar.”

2x

introvert

introwertyk

introvert.
An inward oriented personality; one who prefers his own thoughts and
activities to association with others; one primarily interested or
preoccupied with self. Contrasted with extrovert.

FR

labial

labialny (głoska wargowa)

labial.
Pertaining to the lips; speech sounds requiring the use of the lip or lips
such as “p, m, f, v.”

FR

larynx

krtań

larynx.
The primary source of phonation resulting from vocal fold vibration;
the “voice box” which houses the vocal folds. Located at the top of the
trachea, below the bone or bones which support the tongue and its muscles.

FR

laterality
theory

teoria leteralna

laterality
theory. Refers to the theory that a shift in handedness or confused cerebral
dominance is a factor in the cause or in the maintenance of stuttering.
According to this theory, the use of the non-preferred hand in written and
other skilled activities contributes to a cerebral instability affecting
speech control in such a way as to generate stuttering. Laterality theory
refers to insufficiently established dominance of one cerebral hemisphere
over another.

FR

learned
behavior

zachowania wyuczone

learned
behavior. Any relatively permanent change in a person’s behavior resulting
from his reaction to or interaction with environmental influences or from
reinforced practice: an acquired neuro-muscular, verbal, emotional, or other
type of response to certain stimuli.

FR

light
articulatory contacts

delikatne kontakty
artykulacyjne

light
contact

delikatny kontakt

light
contact. Loose, relaxed or non-tense contacts of the lips and/or tongue on
plosive sounds. Contacts of the lips and/or tongue which are optimal for the
production of speech sounds as contrasted to the hard, tense contacts which
are often a part of a stuttering pattern.

FR

lip
pursing

zaciśnięcie warg

The
speaker has observable tightness in the lips.

2x

maintenance

zarządzanie (skutecznością
terapii)

maintenance.
In stuttering usually refers to the continuation of improvement as related to
the effectiveness of treatment. Procedures for keeping a desired learned
behavior at a high level of frequency, e.g., procedures for preventing
relapse.

FR

masking

maskowanie

masking.
An interference with perception of a sound or pattern of sounds by
simultaneously presenting another of a different frequency, intensity,
quality, or pattern to one or both ears of the subject. Masking is usually
presented via head phones and is used to interfere with the stutterer’s
perception of his own voice. The usual effect, especially at sufficiently
high levels of loudness, is increased fluency.

FR

modifying
the stuttering pattern

modyfikowanie wzorca jąkania

modifying
the stuttering pattern. Refers to the stutterer changing what he does when he
stutters. Clinicians suggest that the stutterer can deliberately change his
stuttering behavior and learn to stutter in an easier manner. Clinical
emphasis is reducing the overall severity of the stuttering rather than
replacing it with fluent speech. In so modifying his stuttering pattern he
learns to change his way of speaking and develop a style of talking which is
less abnormal and free of excessive tensing. A basic fact revealed by
laboratory and clinical studies is that the behavior called stuttering is
modifiable. (See slide, pull-out, pro pri o
captive monitoring, easy onset, cancellation, preparatory set.)

FR

monitoring

monitorowanie

monitoring.
A self-observation technique in which the stutterer seeks to become highly
aware of the articulatory movements of his speech, as well as other behaviors
which make up his characteristic and habitual pattern of stuttering. This
would include continuous self-observation of the crutches and tricks he uses
in his act of stuttering.

FR

monotone

monotonna (mowa)

monotone.
Voice characterized by little or no variation of pitch or loudness.

FR

mouth
tension

napięcie na ustach

There
is increased tension in the mouth while speaking,
especially for certain words or sounds.

2x

neurosis

nerwica

neurosis.
A personality disorder generally characterized by anxiety, phobias,
obsessions or compulsions which are irrational but nevertheless real to the
possessor, and which are probably caused by interpersonal conflict. There is
no gross personality disorganization, and there may not be any behavioral
manifestations. Neu ro sis is a mental disorder
that prevents the victim from dealing effectively with reality.

FR

objective
attitude

postawa obiektywna

objective
attitude. Referring to the attitude that it is desirable for the stutterer to
have toward his stuttering; a feeling relatively independent of one’s
personal prejudices or apprehensions and not distorted by shame or
embarrassment; the acceptance of his stuttering as a problem rather
than a curse.

FR

onset

początek (start)

onset.
The onset of stuttering usually occurs during childhood, with some cases of
developmental stuttering occurring up through the time of puberty. The median
age at onset is at about age four. Onset occurring after puberty is usually
attributable to extreme cases of physical or psychological trauma.

FR

operant
conditioning

warunkowanie instrumentalne
(sprawcze)

operant
conditioning. The process by which the frequency of a response may be changed
as a result of controlling its consequences. There are a variety of
procedures in which a clinician can arrange for contingent stimulation to
occur following a response. If the consequence is positive, the response
(acquisition) should increase in frequency; if the consequence is negative,
the response should decrease (extinction). This process is often theorized to
be the way in which the voluntary behaviors of avoidance and escape are
learned. Behaviorists consider this as the basic strategy for achieving
behavior change. (Synonym: instrumental conditioning, Skinnerian
conditioning.) (See conditioning.)

FR

oscillation(s)

drżenie

oscillation(s).
In stuttering, the tremorous vibrations or repetitions of speech
muscle movements temporarily interfering with ongoing speech, as opposed to
the fixation or prolongation of an articulatory sound or posture.

FR

overt
behavior

zachowania jawne (widoczne)

overt
behavior. Clearly visible and/or audible behavior. The opposite of covert.

FR

pantomime

pantonima

pantomime.
The art of conveying a thought or story by expressive bodily movements. As
part of cancellation, some clinicians ask the stutterer to pantomime
the moment of stuttering in order to identify its components and aid in desensitization.

FR

pause

pausa

Excessive
pauses in frequency or duration to postpone or avoid the moment of
stuttering.
For example: “I (pause…) did very well on my test.”

2x

phobia

fobia

phobia.
An excessive and objectively inappropriate degree of fear or dread. An anxiety
reaction that is focused on a particular object or situation.

FR

phonation

fonacja

phonation.
Vocalization; the act or process of producing voice; production of the voiced
sounds of speech by means of vocal fold vibration.

FR

pitch

wysoki (skrajny) dźwięk

pitch.
The listener’s perception of the highness or lowness of sounds depending on
the frequency of the vocal fold vibrations.

FR

play
therapy

terapia przez zabawę

play
therapy. The use of play activities in psychotherapy or speech therapy with
children, in which the child is given opportunities, within defined limits,
for the free expression of socially or personally unacceptable feelings in
the presence of an accepting therapist. In individual play therapy sessions
the therapist may observe the child as he plays with materials (such as
puppets, clay or toys) permitting him within reason to freely express
emotional feelings and conflicts for purposes of catharsis or insight.

FR

plosive

zwarto wybuchowa (głoska)

plosive.
A speech sound made by impounding the air stream momentarily until pressure
has been developed and then suddenly released, as in “p,b,t,d,k,g.”

FR

post-block
correction

korekta „po bloku”
(anulowanie, poprawka)

post-block
correction. This is a process the stutterer goes through to correct the
production of a stuttered word after he has stuttered on it. See cancellation.

FR

postponement
behaviors

zachowania odwlekane

postponement
behaviors. Any behavior or technique used to avoid stuttering by pausing,
delaying or stalling the attempt to produce a feared sound or word in the
hope that the fear will subside enough to allow production.

FR

pre-block
correction

korekta ” przed
blokiem”

pre-block
correction. This is a process the stutterer goes through to prepare to
produce a word on which he expects to stutter. See preparatory set.

FR

preparatory
set

zestaw przygotowawczy

preparatory
set. The anticipatory response to the conditioned stimuli of an anticipated
act of stuttering. The covert rehearsal behavior of the stutterer
which he uses in getting ready for the difficulty which he anticipates. This
procedure is called the pre-block correction by some clinicians.

FR

primary
stuttering

jąkanie pierwotne

primary
stuttering. The label sometimes used to describe the speech of a young child
when it is marked by repetitions and/or hesitations or prolongations which
the observer regards as abnormal, but which do not seem to embarrass the
child nor does the child seem to feel that these disfluencies constitute a
difficulty or abnormality. Such disfluent speech occurs during the growth and
development of the child’s ability to talk and may be observed to increase
when the child is under certain kinds of emotional or communicative or
linguistic stress. Many clinicians protest labeling such speech as
stuttering, although it may be the beginning stage of a stuttering problem.

FR

prolongation

przełużanie

prolongation.
As related to stuttering, the involuntary lengthening or prolonging of
vocalized speech sounds (rrrrunning, aaaapple), or nonvocalized sounds (sssseven,
ffffourteen). Sometimes refers to pro longa tion of an articulatory position, as when the person
stops completely and holds his mouth in the position to say “p<pause>icture.” Prolongations are frequently accompanied by
increases in loudness and/or pitch. As related to therapy, the easy voluntary
prolongation of sounds and syllables on feared and non
feared words is used quite extensively to modify the stuttering
pattern. (See modifying the stuttering pattern; dysrhythmic phonation.)

FR

prolongation

przedłużanie

A
prolongation is when a sound within a word is extended longer than the amount
of time typically used for production. Examples include: ◦Prolongation:
“Mmmmountain” ◦Prolongation with Pitch and
Loudness Rise: “Mmmmountain” (with a rise in pitch,
loudness or both pitch and loudness)

prolonged
speech

mowa przedłużona

pseudo-stuttering

pseudo-jąknie

pseudo-stuttering.
Deliberately faked or false stuttering produced to imitate difficultly which
a stutterer might experience. Sometimes used to aid in desensitization. (See
voluntary stuttering.)

FR

psychotherapy

psychoterpia

psychotherapy.
The treatment of behavioral or emotional problems, such as stuttering, by
counseling, or by reeducating and influencing the person’s mental approaches
and his ways of thinking, or of evaluating his problems; any procedures
intended to improve the condition of a person that are directed at a change
in his mental approach to his problems; particularly his attitudes toward
himself and his environment.

FR

pull-out

wycofanie się, korekta
„podczas” bloku

pull-out.
Based on the hypothesis that it is possible for a stutterer to pull out of
difficulty during a moment of stuttering, this term refers to a voluntarily
controlled, gradual, release from the stuttering moment. In pulling out of
blocks, the stutterer does not let the original blocking run its course.
Instead he makes a deliberate attempt to modify it before the release occurs
and before the word is spoken. This procedure is called in-block
correction by some clinicians.

FR

PWS
– Person Who Stutter

Osoba z jąkaniem

rate
control

kontrola tempa (mówienia)

rate
control. A technique with which the stutterer attempts to speak slowly and
deliberately, often with each syllable given equal or nearly equal stress.
The extent to which rate control is used to “facilitate fluency” or “repress
stuttering” is highly controversial.

FR

regression

regresja

regression.
As related to relapse, having more speech difficulty usually as a
result of reverting back to an earlier faulty method of talking.

FR

relapse

relapse.
Pertaining to regression. See this term.

FR

repetition

powtórzenie

repetition.
The repeating of a sound, syllable, word or phrase. Some clinicians
differentiate between repetitions which are vocalized (l-l-lit) and nonvocalized
(f-f-fit), and whether the syllable is correctly co-articulated
(base-base-baseball) or contains the schwa vowel (buh-buh–
baseball). Word repetitions may be of single syllable whole words (he-he-he
has it) or words of more than one syllable (“David-David-David has it.”)

FR

repetition

powtórzenie

A
repetition is when a whole word, part of a word, syllable, or several words
are repeated one or more times within an utterance.

residual
air

powietrze szczątkowe

residual
air. Generally referred to as the amount of air remaining in the lungs
following exhalation.

FR

revision

korekta

Stoppage
typically in the middle of a sentence or thought, characterized by avoiding a
block and going back to the beginning
of the phrase or sentence. For Example: “I was going to the park (anticipated
block)” voicing stops Revision- “I was going to the park and I saw a stray
dog.”

rhythm

rytm

rhythm.
The overall melody, cadence and flow of speech, as influenced by such factors
as syllable, stress and rate of articulation.

FR

rythm
method

metoda rytmizacyjna

rhythm
method. Attempts to help the stutterer speak fluently by altering the rhythm
of speech through such means as singing or speaking in singsong manner,
speaking in time with a regularly recurring rhythm such as to the best of a
metronome, or timing the speech and syllable gestures to an arm swing.

FR

secondary
behavior

zachowania wtórne

Secondary
behaviors are behaviors a person who stutters exhibits in response to the
core behaviors.
These behaviors are developed in reaction to a moment of stuttering. Secondary behaviors can include avoidance
or escape behaviors, circumlocution, using fillers and avoiding eye contact.

2x

secondary
stuttering

jąkanie wtórne

secondary
stuttering. As opposed to primary and transitional stuttering, secondary
stuttering is a hesitating or stumbling in uttering words with an awareness
that this way of talking is abnormal and constitutes a difficulty; speech
interruptions plus struggle and accessory behaviors, plus fear
and avoidance reactions.

FR

secondary
symptomps

symptomy wtórne

actions
which are not necessary for the production of speech: physical mannerisms
such as eye blinking, fixations, nostril or facial grimaces, mouth
protrusions or postures, covering your mouth with your hand, head movements
or scratching, jaw jerks, ear pulling, finger snapping or tapping, coin
jingling, knee slapping, foot tapping or shuffling, hand movements, or what
have you

secondary
symptoms

symptomy wtórne

secondary
symptoms. The abnormal actions, behaviors and positions exhibited by a
stutterer in trying to escape speech difficulty. These include
movements such as eye blinks, arm swinging, grimaces, head and body jerks,
finger snapping, clearing the throat, and hand tapping, etc. These refer to
the movements which a stutterer characteristically and abnormally uses when
approaching and escaping from a feared word and when struggling to
release himself from the moment of stuttering. (See accessory behaviors.)

FR

semantics

semantyka

semantics.
The scientific study of word meanings.

FR

sensitivity

wrażliwość

sensitivity.
In the case of stutterers, usually refers to the tendency toward being easily
upset, embarrassed or otherwise easily affected. Feelings of hypersensitivity
may relate to both speech and non speech
parameters.

FR

situational
fears

lęk sytuacyjny

situational
fears. Concerns regarding certain places or events in which the speaker
expects to have increased stuttering difficulty.

FR

slide

„ślizg”

slide.
Uttering the different sounds of a syllable with prolonged, slow motion
transitions: moving slowly through the syllable or word. In the slide
technique the stutterer prolongs slightly the initial sound and the
transition to the rest of the word, keeping the release as smooth and gradual
as possible, and maintaining sound throughout.

FR

SLP
– Speech Language Pathologist

terpeuta mowy

spasmodic
(spastic) dysphonia

dysfonia spastyczna

spasmodic
(spastic) dysphonia. Persons with spasmodic dysphonia experience intermittent
blockages of phonation resulting from spasms of the adductor or
abductor muscles of the larynx resulting in intermittently choked or
strangled production of voice. This has been referred to as
“stuttering/stammering of the vocal cords,” or “laryngeal stuttering.”

FR

speech
behavior

zachowanie mowy

speech
production

wytwarzanie mowy

speech
rate

tempo mowy

speech-language
pathologist

terapeuta mowy

speech-language
pathologist. A person professionally educated in the assessment, prevention
and treatment of disorders of articulation, voice, language and fluency.
Although terms such as speech correctionist, speech
therapist and speech clinician are frequently used, the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Association prefers use of the term Speech-Language
Pathologist. Academic requirements include a master’s degree and the
completion of the supervised clinical fellowship year following formal
academic course work, and passing a national examination.

FR

speech-language
pathology

patologia mowy

speech-language
pathology. The science or study of normal and disordered articulation,
language, voice and fluency and their diagnosis and treatment.

FR

stammering

jąkanie (ang. bryt.)

stammering.
Synonymous with “stuttering.” (British usage.)

FR

starter

starter

starter.
Unlike stallers and postponements, starters are used to
initiate or reinitiate forward movement into an utterance. This may involve
the use of a stereotypic phrase such as “well, let me see” or “you know” in
order to get a “running start.”

FR

starter

starter

A
word or phrase used frequently and inappropriately to start phonation and/or
avoid the moment of stuttering.

2x

stress

stres

stress.
Psychologically, an emotional and cognitive factor that causes bodily or
mental tension. Physically, as associated with effort, tension or struggle.

FR

struggle
behavior

zachowanie wysiłkowe

struggle
behavior. This includes a wide range of secondary or accessory
behaviors performed by the stutterer in attempt to escape from a moment
of stuttering. Devices used to interrupt and release, involving
excessive effort, tension, changes in pitch or loudness, and escape
behaviors such as head-jerks, eye-blinks, arm movements and jaw
jerks, etc.

FR

Stuttered
Speech Syndrome (SSS)

Zesól Mowy Jąkanej

stuttering

jąkanie

stuttering.
Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by excessive involuntary
disruptions in the smooth and rhythmic flow of speech, particularly when such
disruptions consist of repetitions or prolongations of a sound
or syllable, and when they are accompanied by emotions such as fear and
anxiety, and behaviors such as avoidance and struggle.

FR

stuttering
modification

modyfikacja jąkania

stuttering
pattern

wzorzec jąkania

stuttering
pattern. In the case of the individual stutterer, refers to the particular
way he experiences difficulty in talking, or the specific things he does and
the order in which he does these things that interfere with his speaking; the
particular sequence of reactions in his stuttering speech behavior.

FR

syllable

sylaba

syllable.
A unit of spoken language consisting of a vowel, usually with one or more
consonant sounds preceding and/or following it; v, vc,
cv, cvc, ccvc, etc.
(i.e., v= vowel c=consonant.)

FR

tension

napięcie

tension.
Mental, emotional, nervous or physical strain, often resulting in unnecessary
intensity that disturbs normal functioning of the organs of speech.

FR

therapy

terpia

therapy.
The prevention, early intervention and treatment of any clinically
significant condition such as stuttering.

FR

tic

tik

tic.
A sudden spasmodic and purposeless movement of some muscle or muscle group,
particularly of the face, usually occurring under emotional stress. Possibly
organic or psychogenic in origin.

FR

time
pressure

presja czasu

time
pressure. At the moment the stutterer is expected to speak he often has an
almost panicky feeling of haste and urgency. He feels he is under “time
pressure” and with no time to lose, and so he has a somewhat compulsive
feeling that he must speak instantly without allowing time for deliberate and
relaxed expression.

FR

transfer

transfer

transfer.
The process of generalizing a newly acquired behavior to new and different
environments: for example, the transfer of im
proved fluency from the therapy room to the classroom or to the home or
office. Sometimes referred to as “carry-over.”

FR

tremor

tremor

tremor.
A localized quivering or vibratory motion of a muscle or muscle group when an
articulatory position is suddenly invested with localized hypertension.

FR

utterance

wypowiedź

vocal
cords

struny głosowe

vocal
cords. Synonymous with vocal folds. The opening and closing of the vocal
folds is responsible for the production of laryngeal voicing.

FR

voice

głos

voice.
Sound produced by vibration of the vocal folds and modified by the
resonators.

FR

voice
onset time (VOT)

czas odsunięcia dźwięczności

voice
onset time (VOT). The length of time, measured in milli seconds, between the
onset of an external signal such as a tone or light and the initiation of phonation.

FR

voluntary
stuttering

dobrowolne jąkanie

voluntary
stuttering. This may refer to attempts made by the stutterer to imitate or
duplicate as closely as possible, or with specific predetermined
modifications, his usual, habitual, pattern of stuttering. It may also take
the form of easy prolongations or relatively spontaneous and
effortless repetitions of sounds, syllables or the word itself. This
style of talking may be used as a deliberate replacement for the usual
stuttering behavior and is intended to reduce fear of difficulty by
voluntarily doing that which is dreaded. This conscious, purposeful
stuttering is also designed to eliminate other avoidance reactions.
For the purpose of desensitization some clinicians ask the stutterer
to add tension and struggle to these voluntary stutterings
in order to learn how to better cope with them. (See pseudo-stuttering.)

FR

vowel

samogłoska

vowel.
A voiced speech sound in which the oral part of the breath channel is not
blocked and is not constricted enough to cause audible friction: broadly, the
most prominent sound in a syllable.

FR

whisper

szept

whisper.
Speech without vibration of the vocal cords.

FR

word
and situation avoidance

unikanie słów i sytuacji

word
substitution

zamiana słów

word
switch

zastępowanie słów

Use
of a synonym to avoid or in anticipation of a block.